The Development of an Online Study Adaptability Scale for Chinese College Students During the Global COVID-19 Pandemic

Guo Jun Tan, Jia Qi Wei, Chia Ching Tu

Abstract


This study proposes a structural model for the online studying adaptability of college students during the global pandemic based on a questionnaire survey. A total of 1367 college students from H University in Fujian province participated in the study. Study items were evaluated and verified using item analysis, exploratory factor analysis, reliability analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, convergence validity analysis, and discriminant validity analysis. The scale that includes four dimensions namely: attitude towards study, auto-didactic ability, studying and communication, and the study environment, had a good reliability and validity. There was a significant difference between students’ adaptability by grade and major but not by gender. Thus the scale can be used as a tool to evaluate the adaptability of college students to online studying in a global pandemic and to lay the foundation for future research in this area.

https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.22.6.5


Keywords


on online study adaptability; scale; confirmatory factor analysis; reliability; validity

Full Text:

PDF

References


Abu Talib, M., Bettayeb, A. M., & Omer, R. I. (2021). Analytical study on the impact of technology in higher education during the age of COVID-19: Systematic literature review. Education and Information Technologies, 26(6), 6719–6746. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-021-10507-1

Adnan, M., & Anwar, K. (2020). Online Learning amid the COVID-19 Pandemic: Students' Perspectives. Online Submission, 2(1), 45-51. https://doi.org/10.20935/al4307

Aguilera-Hermida, A. P. (2020). College students' use and acceptance of emergency online learning due to COVID-19. International Journal of Educational Research Open, 1, 100011. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedro.2020.100011

Almanthari, A., Maulina, S., & Bruce, S. (2020). Secondary School Mathematics Teachers' Views on E-Learning Implementation Barriers during the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Case of Indonesia. Eurasia journal of mathematics, science and technology education, 16(7). https://doi.org/10.29333/ejmste/8240

Alqudah, N. M., Jammal, H. M., Saleh, O., Khader, Y., Obeidat, N., & Alqudah, J. (2020). Perception and experience of academic Jordanian ophthalmologists with E-Learning for undergraduate course during the COVID-19 pandemic. Annals of Medicine and Surgery, 59, 44-47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amsu.2020.09.014

Baker, R. W., & Siryk, B. (1984). Measuring adjustment to college. Journal of counseling psychology, 31(2), 179-189. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.31.2.179

Baker, R. W., McNeil, O. V., & Siryk, B. (1985). Expectation and reality in freshman adjustment to college. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 32(1), 94. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.32.1.94

Bao, W. (2020). COVID?19 and online teaching in higher education: A case study of Peking University. Human behavior and emerging technologies, 2(2), 113-115. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbe2.191

Benson, P. (2007). Autonomy in language teaching and learning. Language teaching, 40(1), 21-40. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0261444806003958

Besser, A., Flett, G. L., & Zeigler-Hill, V. (2022). Adaptability to a sudden transition to online learning during the COVID-19 pandemic: Understanding the challenges for students. Scholarship of Teaching and Learning in Psychology, 8(2), 85. https://doi.org/10.1037/stl0000198

Bower, M. (2019). Technology?mediated learning theory. British Journal of Educational Technology, 50(3), 1035-1048. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.12771

Brief, P. (2020). Education during COVID-19 and beyond. United Nations, 1-26. https://www.un.org/development/desa/dspd/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2020/08/sg_policy_brief_covid-19_and_education_august_2020.pdf

Chen, Q., & Chen, J. (2021). A study on the adaptability of distance learning for adults. Journal of Northwest Institute of Adult Education, (04), 11-17. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1008-8539.2021.04.002 [In Chinese]

Cheng, Y., & Zhang, L. (2011). Preparation and reliability analysis of college students' English learning attitude questionnaire. Journal of Tianjin Foreign Language Institute, (3), 41-48. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1008-665X.2011.03.007 [In Chinese]

Di Pietro, G., Biagi, F., Costa, P., Karpi?ski, Z., & Mazza, J. (2020). The Likely Impact of Covid-19 on Education: Reflections Based on the Existing Literature and Recent International Datasets. Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg.

Feng, T. Y., & Li, H. (2002). A preliminary study on the adaptation of contemporary university students to learning. Exploring the New in Psychology, (01), 44-48. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1003-5184.2002.01.009 [In Chinese]

Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of marketing research, 18(1), 39-50. https://doi.org/10.2307/3150979

Gerdes, H., & Mallinckrodt, B. (1994). Emotional, social, and academic adjustment of college students: A longitudinal study of retention. Journal of Counseling & Development, 72(3), 281-288. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6676.1994.tb00935.x

Guo, X. (2021). Research on strategies for improving college students' online learning engagement from the perspective of embodied cognition theory. The Theory and Practice of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, 4(6), 173-175. https://doi.org/CNKI:SUN:CXYL.0.2021-06-061 [In Chinese]

Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E., & Tatham, R. L. (2006). Multivariate Data Analysis. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.

Hair, J. F., Sarstedt, M., Ringle, C. M., & Mena, J. A. (2012). An assessment of the use of partial least squares structural equation modeling in marketing research. Journal of the academy of marketing science, 40(3), 414-433. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-011-0261-6

Holec, H. (1981). Autonomy and Foreign Language Learning. Oxford, UK: Pergamon.

Hong, Y. Y., Morris, M. W., Chiu, C. Y., & Benet-Martinez, V. (2000). Multicultural minds: A dynamic constructivist approach to culture and cognition. American psychologist, 55(7), 709. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066x.55.7.709

Huang, M. (2015). Structural equation modeling: Theory and applications. Taiwan Wunan Book Publishing Co. [In Chinese]

Isssroff, K., & Scanlon, E. (2002). Using technology in higher education: An activity theory perspective. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 18(1), 77-83. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0266-4909.2001.00213.x

Jonassen, D. H. (2000). Revisiting activity theory as a framework for designing student-centered learning environments. Theoretical foundations of learning environments, 89, 121. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781410603203-10

Kandri, S. (2020). How COVID-19 is sparking a revolution in higher education. World Economic Forum. https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/05/how-covid-19-is-sparking-a-revolution-in-higher-education/

Kline, R. B. (1998). Software review: Software programs for structural equation modeling: Amos, EQS, and LISREL. Journal of psycho educational assessment, 16(4), 343-364. https://doi.org/10.1177/073428299801600407

Kurucay, M., & Inan, F. A. (2017). Examining the effects of learner-learner interactions on satisfaction and learning in an online undergraduate course. Computers & Education, 115, 20-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2017.06.010

Li, T., & Gu, Z. (2011). A study on the relationship between college students' learning adaptation status and individual sense of control. Chinese Journal of Health Psychology, 19(03), 350-351. https://doi.org/10.13342/j.cnki.cjhp.2011.03.032 [In Chinese]

Li, Y. (2021). Research on the Influencing Factors of College Students' English Learning Adaptability Supported by Artificial Intelligence. [Master dissertation, Guizhou Normal University]. https://doi.org/10.27048/d.cnki.ggzsu.2021.000394. [In Chinese]

Li, Y., & Huang, Z. (2007). The role of validated factor analysis in the assessment of scale construct validity. Public Health in China, 23(10), 1198-1199. https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:1001-0580.2007.10.024 [In Chinese]

Liang, Y. (2018). A study on the influence of peer evaluation on online learning cognition, affective engagement and learning outcomes based on measurement. J. Educ. Res, (09), 66-74. https://doi.org/10.13811/j.cnki.eer.2018.09.009 [In Chinese]

Liu, G. (2022). Research on the Relationship between Students' Learning Adaptability and Learning Satisfaction under the Mobile Media Environment. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (iJET), 17(2), 43-58. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v17i02.28549

Liu, H., Zhao, W., & Wang, L. (2014). The influence of teacher expectation on college students' learning attitude in mixed learning environment. J. Dist. Educ, (01), 63-70. https://doi.org/10.15881/j.cnki.cn33-1304/g4.2014.01.009 [In Chinese]

Löf, A. (2010). Exploring adaptability through learning layers and learning loops. Environmental Education Research, 16(5-6), 529-543. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504622.2010.505429

Lyall, R., & Mcnamara, S. (2000). Influences on the orientations to learning of distance education students in Australia. Open Learning: The Journal of Open, Distance and e-Learning, 15(2), 107-121. https://doi.org/10.1080/713688396

Male, H., Murniarti, E., Simatupang, M. S., Siregar, J., Sihotang, H., & Gunawan, R. (2020). Attitude of undergraduate student’s towards online learning during covid-19 pandemic. PalArch's Journal of Archaeology of Egypt/Egyptology, 17(4), 1628-1637. http://repository.uki.ac.id/id/eprint/2873

Martin, A. J., Nejad, H. G., Colmar, S., & Liem, G. A. D. (2013). Adaptability: How students' responses to uncertainty and novelty predict their academic and non-academic outcomes. Journal of Educational Psychology, 105(3), 728. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032794

Martin, A. J., Nejad, H., Colmar, S., & Liem, G. A. D. (2012). Adaptability: Conceptual and empirical perspectives on responses to change, novelty and uncertainty. Journal of Psychologists and Counsellors in Schools, 22(1), 58-81. https://doi.org/10.1017/jgc.2012.8

Moore, M. G. (1989). Three types of interaction. American Journal of Distance Education, 3(2), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1080/08923648909526659

Murairwa, S. (2015). Voluntary sampling design. International Journal of Advanced Research in Management and Social Sciences, 4(2), 185-200. Retrieved from https://garph.co.uk/ijarmss/feb2015/18.pdf

Oroujlou, N., & Vahedi, M. (2011). Motivation, attitude, and language learning. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 29, 994-1000. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.11.333

Pokhrel, S., & Chhetri, R. (2021). A literature review on impact of COVID-19 pandemic on teaching and learning. Higher education for the future, 8(1), 133-141. https://doi.org/10.1177/2347631120983481

Porter, C. O., Webb, J. W., & Gogus, C. I. (2010). When goal orientations collide: Effects of learning and performance orientation on team adaptability in response to workload imbalance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 95(5), 935. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019637

Qin, J. (2019). Study on the Influencing Factors and Intervention of College Students' Hybrid Learning Adaptability Based on MOOC [Doctoral dissertation, Shanxi Normal University]. https://doi.org/10.27292/d.cnki.gsxfu.2019.001805 [In Chinese]

Qiu, H. (2006). Quantitative Research and Statistical Analysis. Five South Book Publishing Co. [In Chinese]

Razak, A. A., Nawi, N. H. M., Noor, A. L. M., Daud, B. C., & Ismail, M. B. (2021). Students' adaptability in online learning based on Malaysian students' perception. MALIM: Jurnal Pengajian Umum Asia Tenggara (sea journal of general studies), 22(1), 139–152. https://doi.org/10.17576/malim-2021-2201-11

Razak, A. A., Shaari, A. A. H., Mohamad, L. Z., Mohamed, A. A. R., & Noor, A. L. M. (2022). Instrument measuring the adaptability of University Students to Online Learning (SOLE) and its predicting factors. International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research, 21(3), 281–300. https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.21.3.15

Sengkey, V. G., & Galag, E. H. (2018). Student Attitudes and Motivation in Learning English. Catalyst, 17, 115-122. https://doi.org/10.1037/t65194-000

Simon, L., & Roland, R. (1995). Test of reaction and adaptation in college (TRAC): a new measure of learning propensity for college students. Journal of Educational Psychology, 87(2), 293-306. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.87.2.293

Simonson, M., Zvacek, S., & Smaldino, S. (2019). Teaching and learning at a distance: Foundations of distance education (7th ed.). Charlotte, NC: Information Age Publishing.

Sintema, E. J. (2020). Effect of COVID-19 on the performance of grade 12 students: Implications for STEM education. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 16(7). https://doi.org/10.29333/ejmste/7893

Subedi, S., Nayaju, S., Subedi, S., Shah, S. K., & Shah, J. M. (2020). Impact of e-Learning during COVID-19 pandemic among nursing students and teachers of Nepal. International Journal of Science and Healthcare Research, 5(3), 68-76. https://ijshr.com/IJSHR_Vol.5_Issue.3_July2020/IJSHR0012.pdf

Vandenbos, G. R. (2007). APA dictionary of psychology. American Psychological Association.

Wang, H. (2006). Study on College Students' Learning Adaptability and Its Influencing Factors [Master dissertation, Nanjing Normal University]. https://doi.org/10.7666/d.y980084 [In Chinese]

Wu, D. (2020). A study on the factors influencing the learning adaptability of university students in online learning spaces [Master dissertation, Huazhong Normal University]. https://doi.org/10.27159/d.cnki.ghzsu.2020.001256 [In Chinese]

Wu, M. (2009). Structural Equation Models: Methods and Practical Applications. Li Wen. [In Chinese]

Yang, K. (2000). The design principles of constructivist learning environments. China Electr. Educ, (04), 14-18. https://doi.org/CNKI:SUN:ZDJY.0.2000-04-004 [In Chinese]

Yang, W., & Yang, L. (2021). Evaluating Learners' Satisfaction with a Distance Online CLIL Lesson During the Pandemic. English Teaching & Learning, 46(2), 179-201. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42321-021-00091-5

Zhai, X., Chen, C., & Wang, H. (2020). A study on the impact of information literacy on college students' online learning engagement: a case study of large-scale and long-term online teaching during the Covid-19 pandemic. Modern Educ. Technol, 30(10), 98-104. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1009-8097.2020.010.014 [In Chinese]

Zhang, N. (2012). A review of national and international research on learning engagement and its school influences. Psychological research, 5(02), 83-92. https://doi.org/CNKI:SUN:OXLY.0.2012-02-015 [In Chinese]

Zhang, Z., & Geng, L. (2009). An empirical analysis of the influence of learning attitude on college students' academic performance. Chin. Univ. Teach, 10(08), 7-89. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1005-0450.2009.10.029 [In Chinese]

Zhao, J., Wang, Y., & Cao, Y. (2020). Implementation status and reflection of online teaching in China during epidemic period. China Electr. Educ, (05), 41-43.


Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


e-ISSN: 1694-2116

p-ISSN: 1694-2493