Twenty-First Century Learning (21 CL) – South African Private Secondary Schools in KwaZulu-Natal

Michael Naidoo, Cecile Gerwel-Proches, Angela James

Abstract


Globally, many educational systems were designed to produce a labour force to meet the requirements of previous industrial revolutions. Currently, in the fourth industrial revolution, the world is undergoing profound changes in all spheres. Learners need to be prepared for a future with novel jobs, radical information and communication technology (ICT), and global problems never previously encountered. Many countries have therefore, moved from traditional approaches to education, to 21 CL. 21 CL is application-driven, student- focused;, and it incorporates intellectual, social, and emotional aptitudes. The purpose of this research is to provide an in-depth analysis of the 21 CL pedagogy. The study, therefore, investigates how some private South African secondary schools interpret and enact with 21 CL. The research is embedded in the positivist and interpretivist paradigms. The study utilizes a mixed-method research approach, because both quantitative and qualitative data are required to achieve the research objectives. The research strategy used was a case study, specifically a multiple-case study design. This research provides a more theoretical and practical information regarding the successful interpretation and enactment of 21 CL, in private secondary schools in KwaZulu-Natal. The research also provides current information on 21 CL globally. The research findings revealed that private secondary schools in KwaZulu-Natal were only in the initial stages of changing to 21 CL. The findings also revealed that the change to 21 Cl can be facilitated by the design of a sustainable vision and well-defined plan of execution, as well as the effective training of school leaders.

https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.22.5.2


Keywords


twenty-first century learning; information and communication technology; school-leadership development; private secondary schools; KwaZulu-Natal

Full Text:

PDF

References


Abdurrahman, A., Nurulsari, N., Maulina, H., & Ariyani, F. (2019). Design and validation of inquiry-based STEM learning strategy as a powerful alternative solution to facilitate gift students facing 21st century challenging. Journal for the Education of Gifted Young Scientists, 7(1), 33-56. http://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1572/1/012082

Agormedah, E. K., Henaku, E. A., Ayite, D. M. K., & Ansah, E. A. (2020). Online learning in higher education during COVID-19 pandemic: A case of Ghana. Journal of Educational Technology and Online Learning, 3(3), 183-210. http://doi.org/10.31681/jetol.726441

Ajmain, M. T., Hehsan, A., & Mohamad, A. M. (2019). Learning and Facilitation (PdPc) Islamic Education in Industrial Revolution 4.0. Journal of Research in Psychology, 1(3), 13-17. http://dx.doi.org/10.31580/jrp.v1i3.975

Bai, B., & Song, H. (2018). 21st century skills development through inquiry-based learning from theory to practise. In: Taylor & Francis. Asia Pacific Journal of Education, 38(4), 584-586. https://doi.org/10.1080/02188791.2018.1452348

Barrot, J. S. (2019). English curriculum reform in the Philippines: Issues and challenges from a 21st century learning perspective. Journal of Language, Identity & Education, 18(3), 145-160. https://doi.org/10.1080/15348458.2018.1528547

Bedir, H. (2019). Pre-service ELT teachers’ beliefs and perceptions on 21st century learning and innovation skills (4Cs). Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies, 15(1), 231-246. http://doi.org/10.17263/jlls.547718

Botha, W. (2016). English and international students in China today: A sociolinguistic study of English-medium degree programs at a major Chinese university. English Today, 32(1), 41-47. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0266078415000449

Cheng, K.-m. (2017). Advancing 21st century competencies in East Asian education systems. Center for Global Education. Asia Society, 2, 26. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317280534_Advancing_21st_Century_Competencies_in_East_Asian_Education_Systems

Chirinda, B., Ndlovu, M., & Spangenberg, E. (2021). Teaching Mathematics during the COVID-19 Lockdown in a Context of Historical Disadvantage. Education Sciences, 11(4), 177. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci11040177

Clarke, G., Gill, K., Sim, C., Patry, L., & Ginsler, Y. (2014). Engaging school districts in evaluative thinking and research-based inquiry to advance 21st century teaching and learning. In annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Philadelphia, PA. http://www. edugains.ca/resources21CL/Research/PapertoAERA_2014. pdf

Claro, M., Salinas, Á., Cabello-Hutt, T., San Martín, E., Preiss, D. D., Valenzuela, S., & Jara, I. (2018). Teaching in a Digital Environment (TIDE): Defining and measuring teachers' capacity to develop students' digital information and communication skills. Computers & Education, 121, 162-174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2018.03.001

Hashim, H., Rafiq, R. M., & Md Yunus, M. (2019). Improving ESL learners’ grammar with Gamified-learning. Arab World English Journal (AWEJ) Special Issue on CALL(5), 41-50. https://dx.doi.org/10.24093/awej/call5.4

Häkkinen, P., Järvelä, S., Mäkitalo-Siegl, K., Ahonen, A., Näykki, P., & Valtonen, T. (2017). Preparing teacher-students for twenty-first-century learning practices (PREP 21): a framework for enhancing collaborative problem-solving and strategic learning skills. Teachers and Teaching, 23(1), 25-41. https://doi.org/10.1080/13540602.2016.1203772

Heinrich, S., & Kupers, R. (2019). Complexity as a big idea for secondary education: Evaluating a complex systems curriculum. Systems Research and Behavioral Science, 36(1), 100-110. https://doi.org/10.1002/sres.2547

Held, M. B. (2019). Decolonizing research paradigms in the context of settler colonialism: An unsettling, mutual, and collaborative effort. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 18, 1-16. https://sagepub.com/journals-permissions

Hines, M. G., & Lynch, R. (2019). The relationship of grade 7 students’ general ICT use and attitudes towards ICT use for school related activities with ICT self-efficacy in eleven English program schools of Thailand. Scholar: Human Sciences, 11(2), 366-366. https://doi.org/10.26803/IJLTER.19.7.15

Howard, P., O’Brien, C., Kay, B., & O’Rourke, K. (2019). Leading educational change in the 21st century: Creating living schools through shared vision and transformative governance. Sustainability, 11(15), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11154109

Kokare, M., & Strautins, K. (2018). Setting up blended learning at school: leadership perspective. Paper presented at the Society Integration Education Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference. https://doi.org/10.17770/sie2018vol1.3161

Landa, N., Zhou, S., & Marongwe, N. (2021). Education in emergencies: Lessons from COVID-19 in South Africa. International Review of Education, 67(3), 167–183. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11159-021-09903-z

Lay, A.-N., & Osman, K. (2018). Developing 21st century chemistry learning through designing digital games. Journal of Education In Science Environment And Health, 4(1), 81-92. http:// doi.org/10.21891/jeseh.387499

Le Grange, L. (2021). Covid-19 pandemic and the prospects of education in South Africa. Prospects, 51, 425-436. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11125-020-09514-w

Mabaso, B. A. (2017). Twenty-first century skills development in rural school learners. (Masters’ Degree). University of Cape Town. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/25645

Mahaye, N. (2020). The Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on South African Education: Navigating Forward the Pedagogy of Blended Learning. South Africa: the MEC for Education. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340899662_The_Impact_of_COVID-19_Pandemic_on_South_African_Education_Navigating_Forward_the_Pedagogy_of_Blended_Learning

Maphosa, V. (2021). Teachers’ Perspectives on Remote-based Teaching and Learning in the COVID-19 Era: Rethinking Technology Availability and Suitability in Zimbabwe. European Journal of Interactive Multimedia and Education, 2(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.30935/ejimed/9684

Maphosa, V., Dube, B., & Jita, T. (2020). A UTAUT Evaluation of WhatsApp as a Tool for Lecture Delivery during the COVID-19 Lockdown at a Zimbabwean University. International Journal of Higher Education, 9(5), 84-93. https://doi.org/10.5430/ijhe.v9n5p84

Maree, J. G. (2022). Managing the Covid-19 pandemic in South African Schools: turning challenge into opportunity. South African Journal of Psychology, 52(2), 249-261. https://doi.org/10.1177/00812463211058398

Mathew, M. A. (2018). The need for digital and media literacy in Indian higher secondary and secondary curricula to cater to future generations. Asia Pacific Journal of Research, 1(88), 128-130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190264093.001.0001/acrefore-9780190264093-e-75

Mayfield, K., & Hester, L. (2018). What does it take to establish a computer science education degree? The collaborative journey between a computer science and secondary education professor. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the International Conference on Frontiers in Education: Computer Science and Computer Engineering (FECS). https://www.proquest.com/conference-papers-proceedings/what-does-take-establish-computer-science/docview/2139478663/se-2

Mbandlwa, Z. (2021). The impact of the quality of education was caused by the changes from face-to-face to Remote Learning as a result of the Covid-19 pandemic. Ilkogretim Online, 20(4), 1555-1561. http://doi.org/10.17051/ilkonline.2021.04.179

McDonald, S. D. (2017). Enhanced Critical Thinking Skills through Problem-Solving Games in Secondary Schools. Interdisciplinary Journal of e-Skills and Lifelong Learning, 13, 79-96. http://www.informingscience.org/Publications/3711

McGuire, C. (2018). Transforming Traditional Teaching Practices with 21st Century Skills in K-12 Classrooms. (Master of Science in Information Media: Technology Integration). St. Cloud State University Culminating Projects in Information Media. https://repository.stcloudstate.edu/im_etds/16?utm_source=repository.stcloudstate.edu%2Fim_etds%2F16&utm_medium=PDF&utm_campaign=PDFCoverPages

Mhlanga, D., & Moloi, T. (2020). COVID-19 and the digital transformation of education: What are we learning on 4IR in South Africa?. Education sciences, 10(7), 180. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/educsci10070180

Moyo, L., & Hadebe, L. B. (2018). The relevance of teacher education as a trajectory in developing and sustaining inclusivity in the digital classroom. European Journal of Open Education and E-learning Studies, 3(1), 1-17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1154969

Mudaly, R., & Mudaly, V. (2021). Exploring how the national COVID-19 pandemic policy and its application exposed the fault lines of educational inequality. Journal of Education, (84), 106-124. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2520-9868/i84a06

Naidoo, S. (2019). Affecting Job Satisfaction at a private school in Pietermaritzburg, KwaZulu-Natal. The Independent Journal of Teaching and Learning, 14(1), 68-85. https://hdl.handle.net/10520/EJC-1685861e25

Nappi, J. S. (2017). The importance of questioning in developing critical thinking skills. Delta Kappa Gamma Bulletin, 84(1), 30-41. https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/importance-questioning-developing-critical/docview/1942155616/se-2

Nouri, J., Zhang, L., Mannila, L., & Norén, E. (2020). Development of computational thinking, digital competence and 21st century skills when learning programming in K-9. Education Inquiry, 11(1), 1-17. https://eric.ed.gov/?redir=http%3a%2f%2fdx.doi.org%2f10.1080%2f20004508.2019.1627844

Ogbonnaya, U. I., Awoniyi, F. C., & Matabane, M. E. (2020). Move to online learning during COVID-19 lockdown: Pre-service teachers’ experiences in Ghana. International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research, 19(10), 286-303. https://dx.doi.org/10.26803/IJLTER.19.10.16

Ramrathan, L. (2020). School curriculum in South Africa in the Covid-19 context: An opportunity for education for relevance. Prospects,n1-10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11125-020-09490-1

Siddiq, F., Gochyyev, P., & Wilson, M. (2017). Learning in Digital Networks–ICT literacy: A novel assessment of students' 21st century skills. Computers & Education, 109, 11-37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2017.01.014

Subekti, A. S. (2021). Covid-19-triggered online learning implementation: Pre-service English teachers’ beliefs. Metathesis: Journal of English Language, Literature, and Teaching, 4(3), 232-248. https://doi.org/10.31002/METATHESIS.V4I3.2591

Tilley, S. (2019). The role of critical qualitative research in educational contexts: A Canadian perspective. Educar em Revista, 35,(75), 155-180. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0104-4060.66806

Toh, Y., Jamaludin, A., Hung, W. L. D., & Chua, P. M. H. (2014). Ecological leadership: Going beyond system leadership for diffusing school-based innovations in the crucible of change for 21st century learning. The Asia-Pacific Education Researcher, 23(4), 835-850. https://doi.org/10.1007/S40299-014-0211-4

Tong, W., & Razniak, A. (2017). Building professional capital within a 21st century learning framework. Journal of Professional Capital and Community, 2(1), 36-49. https://doi.org/10.1108/JPCC-06-2016-0018

Van Laar, E., Van Deursen, A. J., Van Dijk, J. A., & De Haan, J. (2017). The relation between 21st-century skills and digital skills: A systematic literature review. Computers in human behaviour, 72, 577-588. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.03.010

Varghese, M. M., Vate-U-Lan, P., & John, V. K. (2019). Students’ Perception Of Technology Factors and their Impact On BYOD-Based Learning In Private Secondary Schools In Dubai, UAE. Social Science Asia, 5(1), 35-46. https://www.socialscienceasia.nrct.go.th/index.php/SSAsia/article/download/150/128


Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


e-ISSN: 1694-2116

p-ISSN: 1694-2493