Completing Studies in Alternative Ways in Adult Education. ‘Who has told me that I cannot ...?’

Lena Boström, Lena Randevåg

Abstract


Every fourth young adult in Sweden leaves upper secondary school without complete grades (Statistiska Centralbyrån, 2017). These young adults without a diploma are at risk of being marginalized (Hugo, 2007; Lundahl et al. 2015). Therefore, all attempts to support these students’ needs using alternative methods to help them complete their studies are of great importance for both society and the individuals. With this study, we aim to shed light on how participants with different functional variations and overall unfavourable school experiences in a project-based alternative study program in upper secondary education perceive the factors of success. Moreover, we want to understand the project’s outcome based on contextual factors. To do this, we use an abductive content analysis of project documents, field notes, and interviews with five students. Our analysis follows three steps. Firstly, we identify three major themes expressed by the participants as success factors concerning ways to attend and complete their secondary education. Secondly, we identify how contextual factors can explain the project’s outcome. Finally, we draw conclusions on how motivation theory, motivation strategies, and factors in the learning environment can explain the project’s outcome. The overall conclusions are (a) students in this target group need to participate in negotiations concerning their adaptation in their studies, (b) a symmetrical interpersonal relationship between teachers and students is a necessity, and (c) beneficial learning environments are essential for these students’ learning.

https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.18.7.10


Keywords


adult learning, alternative pedagogy, content analysis, functional variations, study motivation

Full Text:

PDF

References


Abrandt Dahlgren, M., Arvidsson, J., & Dahlgren L.-O. (2012). De eviga didaktiska frågorna och de nya: Möten i vuxenstudier [The eternal didactic questions and the new ones: Meetings in adult studies]. In I. M. Abrandt Dahlgren & I. Carlsson (Eds.), Lärande på vuxnas vis [Learning in adults way] (pp. 69–77). Lund: Studentlitteratur.

Ahl, H. (2004). Motivation och vuxnas lärande: En kunskapsöversikt och problematisering [Motivation and adult learning: An overview of knowledge and problematization]. Stockholm: Myndigheten för Skolutveckling.

Ahlberg, A. (1999). Lärande och delaktighet [Learning and participation]. Lund: Studentlitteratur.

Aspelin, J. (2018). Lärares relationskompetens [Teachers’ relationship competence]. Stockholm: Liber.

Assarsson, L., & Sipos Zackrisson, K. (2005). Iscensättande av identiteter i vuxenstudier [Identification of identities in adult studies]. Linköping: Linkoping studies in education and psychology 103.

Assarsson, L., & Sipos Zackrisson, K. (2006). Möten i vuxenstudier: Om undervisning och deltagaridentiteter. [Adult study meetings: About teaching and participant identities]. In I. S. Larsson & L.-E. Olsson (Eds.), Om vuxnas studier [About adults ‘studies] (pp. 135–161). Lund: Studentlitteratur.

Björklid, P., & Fichbein, P. (2011). Det pedagogiska samspelet [The educational interaction]. Lund: Studentlitteratur.

Blomgren, J. (2016). Den svårfångade motivationen: Elever i en digital lärmiljö [The elusive motivation: Students in a digital learning environment] (Doctoral dissertation). Göteborg: Göteborgs Universitet.

Boström, L., & Bostedt, G. (2019). Studiemotivation i gymnasieskolan? Elevers och lärares perspektiv på dessa utmaningar och möjligheter [Study motivation in upper secondary school? Students’ and teachers' perspectives on these challenges and opportunities]. Unpublished manuscript. Sundsvall: Mid Sweden University.

Bryman, A. (2014). Samhällsvetenskapliga metoder [Social science methods]. Stockholm: Liber.

Elo, S., & Kyngäs, H. (2008). The qualitative content analysis. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 62(1), 107–115. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2007.04569.x

Eriksson, L., Larsson, S., & Sipos Zackrisson, K. (2012). Hur formas egentligen vuxnas undervisning? [How is the education of adults really formed]. In I. M. Abrant Dahlgren & I. Carlsson (Eds.), Lärande på vuxnas vis [Learning in adults way] (pp. 79–99). Lund: Studentlitteratur.

Evanshed, P. (2012). Goda lärmiljöer i skolan [Good learning envoriments in school]. In I. G. Kragh-Müller (Ed.), Goda lärmiljöer för barn [Good learning envoriments for children] (pp 70–82.). Lund: Studentlitteratur.

Fereday, J., & Muir-Cochrane, E. (2006). Demonstrating rigor using thematic analysis: A hybrid approach of inductive and deductive coding and theme development. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 5(1), 80–92. https://doi.org/10.1177/160940690600500107

Friberg, P., Karlberg, M., Sundberg Lax, I., & Palmer, R. (2015). Hemmasittare och vägen tillbaka: Insatser vid långvarig skolfrånvaro [Home-schooled students and the way back]. Riga, Latvia: Livonia Print.

Giota, J. (2013). Individualisering i skolan: Vilken, varför och hur [Individualization in school: Who why, and how?] (Vetenskapsrådets Report Series No. 3). Stockholm: Vetenskapsrådet.

Graneheim, U. H., & Lundman, B. (2004). Qualitative content analysis in nursing research: Concepts, procedures and measures to achieve trustworthiness. Nurse Education Today, 24(2), 105–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2003.10.001

Håkansson, J., & Sundberg, D. (2012). Utmärkt undervisning: Framgångsfaktorer i svensk internationell belysning [Excellent teaching: Success factors in Swedish international lighting].Stockholm: Natur & Kultur.

Hattie, J. (2009). Visible learning: A synthesis of over 800 meta-analyses relating to achievement. New York, NY: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203887332

Hsieh, H.-S., & Shannon, S. (2005). Three approaches to qualitative content analysis. Qualitative Health Research, 15(9), 1277–1288. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732305276687

Hugo, M. (2007). Liv och lärande i gymnasieskolan: En studie om elevers och lärares erfarenheter i en liten grupp på gymnasieskolans individuella program [The way toward knowledge and competence for seven underachievers in upper secondary school] (Doctoral dissertation). Jönköping: Jönköping School of Education and Communication.

Hugo, M. (2011). Från motstånd till framgång: Att motivera när ingen motivation finns [From resistance to success: Motivating when there is no motivation]. Stockholm Liber.

Hugo, M. (2012). När skolans lärande saknar mening [When school learning is meaningless]. In L. Mathiasson (Ed.), Uppdrag lärare: En antologi om status, yrkesskicklighet och framtidsdrömmar [Assignment teacher: An anthology on status, professional skills and future dreams (pp. 31–38). Stockholm: Lärarförbundets förlag.

Imsen, G. (2006). Elevens värld: Introduktion till pedagogisk psykologi [The student´s world: Introduction to educational pshychology. Lund: Studentlittertur.

Jakobsson, A. K (2000). Motivation och inlärning ur ett genusperspektiv [Motivation and learning from a gender perspective] (Doctoral dissertation). Göteborg: Göteborgs Universitet.

Knowles, M., Holton, E., III, & Swanson, R. (2015). The adult learner (8th ed.). Oxford, England: Elsevier.

Krippendorff, K. (2019). Content analysis. An introduction to its methodology. London: Sage.

Larsson, S. (2006). Didaktik för vuxna: Tankelinjer i internationell litteratur [Didactics for adults: Thoughts on international literature]). Stockholm: Vetenskapsrådets rapportserie 12:2006.

Lundahl, L., Lidström, L., Lindblad, M., Lovén, A., Olofsson, J., & Öst, J. (2015). Osäkra övergångar [Uncertain transistions]. Resultatdialog 2015 (pp. 107–116). Stockholm: Vetenskapsrådet.

Mayring, P. (2000). Qualitative content analysis. Qualitative Social Research, 1(2), 44–68.

McClelland, D. C. (1958). Methods of measuring human motivation. In J. W. Atkinson (Ed.), Motives in fantasy, action, and society (pp. 7–42). Princeton, NJ: D. Van Nostrand.

Rising Holmström, M., Häggström, M., & Kristiansen, L. (2015). Skolsköterskans rolltransformering till den hälsofrämjande positionen [School nurses’ role transformations to the health-promotion position]. Nordic Journal of Nursing Research, 25(4), 210–217. https://doi.org/10.1177/0107408315587860

Sjöberg, L. (1997). Studieintresse och studiemotivation: En analys av de grundläggande faktorerna [Study interest and study motivation: An analysis of the basic factors . Stockholm: Institutet för Individanpassad Skola.

Skaalvik, E. M., & Skaalvik, S. (2013). School goal structure: Associations with students’ perceptions of their teachers as emotionally supportive, academic self-concept, intrinsic motivation, effort, and help seeking behaviour. International Journal of Educational Research, 61, 5–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2013.03.007

Skaalvik, E. M., & Skaalvik, S. (2016). Motivation och lärande [Motivation and learning]. Stockholm: Natur & Kultur.

Skolinspektionen. (2014). Unga riskerar att falla mellan stolarna [Young people at risk of falling between the cracks] (Skolinspektionens Report No. 7). Stockholm: Skolinspektionen.

Skolverket. (2009). Vad påverkar resultaten i svensk grundskola? Kunskapsöversikt om betydelsen av olika faktorer: Sammanfattande analys [What affects the results of Swedish compulsory schools? Knowledge overview regarding the importance of various factors: Summary analysis]. Stockholm: Skolverket.

Skolverket. (2017). Skolverkets lägesbedömning 2017 [The Swedish National Agency for Education’s 2017 situation assessment] (Report No. 455). Stockholm: Skolverket.

Skolverket. (2019). Redovisning av Skolverkets uppdrag om att genomföra verksamhetsnära insatser för att förebygga avhopp från gymnasieskolan [Reporting the Swedish National Agency for Education's mission to carry out operations-related initiatives to prevent dropouts from upper secondary school] (Dnr 7.2.1.–2016:32).

Specialpedagogiska Skolmyndigheten. (SPSM). (2016). D1. Projektbeskrivning [Project description].

Specialpedagogiska Skolmyndigheten. (2017). D2, Delredovisning [Interim reporting].

Specialpedagogiska Skolmyndigheten. (2018) D3. Slutredovisning [Final report].

Statistiska Centralbyrån [SCB]. (2017). Utbildning och arbete: Unga utanför? Så har det gått på arbetsmarknader för 90-talister utan fullföljd gymnasieutbildning [Education and work: Young outside? Results for 90 talented students who have not completed upper secondary education] (Theme Report No. 4). Stockholm: Statistiska Centralbyrån.

Sveriges Kommuner och Landsting [SKL]. (2017a). Kommungruppsindelning 2017: Omarbetning av Sveriges kommuner och landstings kommunindelning [Municipal group division 2017: Recast of Sweden's municipalities and county-council municipal division]. Stockholm: SKL

Sveriges Kommuner och Landsting [SKL]. (2017b). Olika är normen: Att skapa inkluderande lärmiljöer i skolan [Different is the norm: Creating inclusive learning environments in school]. Stockholm: SKL.

Utbildningsdepartementet. (2013). Ungdomar utanför gymnasieskolan: Ett förtydligat ansvar för stat och kommun [Young people outside of upper secondary school: A clarification of the responsibilities for states and municipalities] (SOU Report No. 13). Stockholm:. Retrieved from https://www.regeringen.se/49b70e

Vetenskapsrådet. (2017). Good research practice. Stockholm: Vetenskapsrådet.

Wery, J., & Thomson, M. (2013). Motivational strategies to enhance effective learning in teaching struggling students. British Journal of Learning Support, 38, 103–108. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9604.12027

Whittemore, R., & Knafl, K. (2005). The integrative review: Updated methodology. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 52, 246–253. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2005.03621.x

Woolfolk, A., & Karlberg, M. (2015). Pedagogisk psykologi [Educational psychology]. London, England: Pearson.


Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


e-ISSN: 1694-2116

p-ISSN: 1694-2493